博文

目前显示的是标签为“metanoia”的博文

义与悔改

  从《申命记》1:1–3:22、以赛亚书1:1–27及使徒行传7:51–8:4看“义”与“悔改” 在犹太传统与圣经神学中,“义”( tzedakah ,צְדָקָה)与“悔改”( teshuvah ,תְּשׁוּבָה;希腊语 metanoia ,μετάνοια)是灵性生活的核心,指引个人与社群与神的关系。本文以《妥拉》周份 Devarim (《申命记》1:1–3:22)、哈夫塔拉(《以赛亚书》1:1–27)及新约(《使徒行传》7:51–8:4)为依据,深入分析 tzedakah (义/慈善)与 teshuvah / metanoia (悔改)的意义。结合希伯来原文、犹太传统(塔木德、米德拉什)、希腊语背景及非取代神学视角,本文阐明这两概念如何在以色列的盟约框架与普世信仰中交织,激励公义与灵性更新的生活。 《申命记》1:1–3:22: Tzedakah 与 Teshuvah 的盟约根基 《申命记》( Devarim ,דְּבָרִים,“话语”)是摩西对以色列的临终演讲,回顾历史、律法与神的应许,强调顺服带来祝福、悖逆招致咒诅(《申命记》1:6–8,3:20–22)。虽然 tzedakah 与 teshuvah 未在《申命记》1:1–3:22中直接出现,但其主题贯穿其中。 1. Tzedakah (צְדָקָה,义/慈善) 定义与词源 : Tzedakah 源自希伯来语词根צדק ( tzadeq ,公义、正直),意为“正义”或“正直”,在拉比传统中指履行神命令的慈善行为。不同于现代西方的“慈善”(自愿施舍), tzedakah 是宗教义务,强调赋予穷人自立能力,而非单纯的慷慨(《塔木德·巴巴·巴特拉》9a)。 《申命记》1:16–17:“要秉公审判……不可徇私。”(希伯来原文:שָׁפַטְתֶּם צֶדֶק, shafattem tzedek ,“秉公审判”)。这里的 tzedek 要求司法公正,确保弱者(如孤儿、寡妇)得到保护,反映 tzedakah 的社会正义面向。 《申命记》10:18(虽超出本周份,但与主题相关):“祂为孤儿寡妇申冤,怜爱寄居的,赐他衣食。” Tzedakah 体现神对弱者的关怀,呼召以色列效法神的公义。 在《申命记》中的体现 : 摩西在《申命记》1:12–18任命公正的领袖,确保 tzedek 在社群中实现。这种公...

Rethinking “Repentance”

  Rethinking “ Repentance”: A Linguistic and Theological Clarification Introduction: Why Repentance Is Misunderstood The English word “ repent” evokes ideas of sorrow, guilt, and turning away from sin. But this common interpretation can sometimes oversimplify or misrepresent the original meanings of key biblical terms in Hebrew and Greek . Part of the confusion stems from the Latin Vulgate translation, which often used the word paenitentia ( penance) to translate Hebrew and Greek concepts— giving rise to associations with remorse, confession, and punishment rather than covenantal return or transformational rethinking. Let us explore the five major terms often rendered as “ repent” and recover their rich, original intent . 1. נִחַם ( nacham) — “ to be moved” / “ to relent” / “ to be comforted” Sample verse: “ And the LORD repented ( וַיִּנָּחֶם) that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.” — Genesis 6: 6 ( KJV) Meaning: The root nacham car...